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The DASS-21 is a set of three self-report scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Each of the three DASS-21 scales contains 7 items, divided into subscales with similar content. The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest / involvement, anhedonia and inertia. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. The stress scale is sensitive to levels of chronic non- specific arousal. It assesses difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily upset / agitated, irritable / over-reactive and impatient. Scores for depression, anxiety and stress are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items.
Year: 1995
Authors: Lovibond et al
Disease: Obesity
Outcome: Quality of life-Physical and psychological functioning
See more tools that use this outcome Measure: Depression
See more tools that use this measure Number of RCTs that used this tool (in our study): 5
See the RCTs Scale: Lower scores are better Reference: Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335e343
See more tools that use this outcome Measure: Depression
See more tools that use this measure Number of RCTs that used this tool (in our study): 5
See the RCTs Scale: Lower scores are better Reference: Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335e343
Target population: General population
Focus Generic
Translations available: Yes
Original version validated: Yes
Original language: English
Form of delivery: Self-reported
Licence needed: No
10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U