1. Smoking Cessation / Smoking cessation |
NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Relative effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Relative effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
236.73580246913585 [162.98172000000002, 340.15368] |
Low |
It may have a large effect on smoking cessation |
1 |
2607 |
12.604696199467442 [8.9893, 17.6742] |
Low |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
2. Number of emergency room visits and admissions / COPD-related hospital admissions |
NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Relative effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Relative effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
20.953321359999997 [-4.188330939999998, 57.767466989999996] |
Low |
It may result in little to no difference in COPD-related hospital admissions |
1 |
239 |
0.31 [-0.07, 0.69] |
Low |
N/A |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
3. Mortality / All causes of mortality |
NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Relative effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Relative effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
1.25 [-4.77, 17.85] |
Very low |
It may have little to no effect on mortality (all cause) but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
239 |
0.14 [-0.87, 1.16] |
Low |
0.0 |
N/A |
NA |
4. Self-efficacy |
NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
1.93 [-0.94, 4.8] |
Very low |
It may increase self-efficacy but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
60 |
1.93 [-0.94, 4.8] |
Low |
1.0 |
N/A |
NA |
Footnotes per outcome:
1) a) This estimate is a result of a pairwise meta-analysis (1 RCT, N= 2067); b)We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias 2) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias;b) Number of studies included in the network: 21 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=119); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care. 3) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 15 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=119); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care. 4) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision;b) Number of studies included in the network: 25 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=30); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 1 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 1 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
References of studies informing direct evidence:
1) Lou-2013 2) Aboumatar-2019 3) Aboumatar-2019 4) Kara-2004
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