| 1. Knowledge |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -0.03 [-1.01, 0.95] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in knowledge but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
206 |
-0.03 [-1.01, 0.95] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 2. Quality of life / Psychological distress |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 0.08 [-0.56, 0.71] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in psychological distress but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
131 |
0.08 [-0.56, 0.71] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 3. Adherence / Medication (or other treatment) adherence |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -0.1 [-1.23, 1.02] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in adherence |
2 |
258 |
-0.1 [-1.23, 1.02] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 4. Self-efficacy |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 0.63 [-0.33, 1.59] |
Very low |
It may result in a slight increase in self-efficacy |
1 |
214 |
0.63 [-0.33, 1.59] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 5. Lipid profile / Total cholesterol |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 9.28 [-5.82, 24.38] |
Moderate |
It likely results little to no effect on total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
1 |
214 |
9.28 [-5.82, 24.38] |
High |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 6. Weight (management) / BMI - Body Mass Index |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -2.1 [-4.9, 0.7] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in body mass index (kg/m²) but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
167 |
-2.1 [-4.9, 0.7] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 7. Blood-pressure / Systolic pressure |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -1.0 [-7.94, 5.94] |
Very low |
It may decrease systolic blood pressure (mmHg) but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
214 |
-1.0 [-7.94, 5.94] |
High |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 8. HbA1C / Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -0.25 [-0.74, 0.24] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in HbA1C levels (%) but the evidence is very uncertain |
2 |
391 |
-0.25 [-0.74, 0.24] |
Very low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
Footnotes per outcome:
1) a) Number of studies included in the network: 43 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=103); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 2 to 60 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and very serious imprecision
2) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and very serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 44 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=67); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s).The range of follow up was from 2 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
3) a) Number of studies included in the network: 55 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 2 RCT(s) (N=137); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3-6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious imprecision and very serious risk of bias
4) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 55 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=107); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
5) a) Number of studies included in the network: 176 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=107); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down due to serious imprecision
6) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 231 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=84); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s).The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
7) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 233 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=107); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
8) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to serious imprecision, very serious risk of bias and serious inconsistency; b) Number of studies included in the network: 463 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 2 RCT(s) (N=199); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3-6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
References of studies informing direct evidence:
1) Karagiannis-2016
2) Perestelo-Perez-2016
3) Karagiannis-2016, Perestelo-Perez-2016
4) Tawfik-2016
5) Tawfik-2016
6) Karagiannis-2016
7) Tawfik-2016
8) Karagiannis-2016, Tawfik-2016
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