| 1. Physical activity |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 0.52 [-0.42, 1.46] |
Very low |
It may increase physical activity |
0 |
0 |
[, ] |
NA |
1.0 |
0.52 [-0.42, 1.46] |
Low |
| 2. Self-management behaviours |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 1.17 [-0.59, 2.92] |
Very low |
It may increase self-management behaviours |
0 |
0 |
[, ] |
NA |
1.0 |
1.17 [-0.59, 2.92] |
Low |
| 3. Quality of life / Psychological distress |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -0.79 [-1.59, 0.02] |
Very low |
It may decrease psychological distress but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
46 |
-0.79 [-1.59, 0.02] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 4. Quality of life |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 0.31 [-0.24, 0.86] |
Very Low |
It may result in little to no difference in quality of life |
2 |
95 |
-0.08 [-0.75, 0.59] |
Low |
1.0 |
1.12 [0.15, 2.09] |
Low |
| 5. Self-efficacy |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| 0.41 [-0.68, 1.5] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in self-efficacy |
1 |
46 |
0.41 [-0.68, 1.5] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 6. Weight (management) / BMI - Body Mass Index |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -0.86 [-2.54, 0.81] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in body mass index (kg/m²) but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
62 |
-0.9 [-3.16, 1.36] |
Low |
1.0 |
-0.82 [-3.31, 1.68] |
Low |
| 7. Weight (management) / Waist size |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -5.9 [-11.36, -0.44] |
Very low |
It may result in little to no difference in waist size (cm) but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
62 |
-5.9 [-11.36, -0.44] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 8. Lipid profile / Triglycerides |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -1.07 [-1.87, -0.27] |
Moderate |
It likely results in little to no difference in triglycerides (mmol/L) |
1 |
106 |
-1.07 [-1.87, -0.27] |
Moderate |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 9. Lipid profile / Total cholesterol |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -24.75 [-48.45, -1.05] |
Low |
It may result in little to no difference in total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
1 |
106 |
-24.75 [-48.45, -1.05] |
Moderate |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 10. Weight (management) / Weight (Kgs/lbs) |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -1.56 [-4.37, 1.26] |
Low |
It may result in little to no difference in weight (kgs) |
2 |
299 |
-1.56 [-4.37, 1.26] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 11. Blood-pressure / Diastolic pressure |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -4.07 [-9.01, 0.86] |
Very low |
It may decrease diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) but the evidence is very uncertain |
2 |
299 |
-4.07 [-9.01, 0.86] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 12. Blood-pressure / Systolic pressure |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -8.2 [-19.61, 3.21] |
Very low |
It may increase systolic blood pressure levels (mmHg) but the evidence is very uncertain |
1 |
62 |
-8.2 [-19.61, 3.21] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
| 13. HbA1C / Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) |
| NMA |
Direct |
Indirect |
| Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Interpretation of findings |
Number of studies |
Number of patients |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
Number of comparisons informing indirect evidence |
Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI) - Difference |
Certainty of the evidence |
| -0.64 [-1.08, -0.2] |
Very low |
It may decrease HbA1C levels (%) but the evidence is very uncertain |
4 |
263 |
-0.64 [-1.08, -0.2] |
Low |
0.0 |
NA [NA, NA] |
NA |
Footnotes per outcome:
1) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 64 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 0 RCT(s) (N=0); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 1 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network.
2) a) Number of studies included in the network: 40 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 0 RCT(s); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 1 comparison(s) The range of follow up was from 1 to 12 months for the studies included in the whole network ; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias
3) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 44 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=24); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s).The range of follow up was from 2 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
4) a) Number of studies included in the network: 81 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 2 RCT(s) (N=44); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 1 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 60 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6-12 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to serious imprecision and very serious risk of bias
5) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and very serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 55 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=24); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 24 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
6) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision; b) Number of studies included in the network: 231 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=28); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 1 comparison(s).The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
7) a) Number of studies included in the network: 81 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=28); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 36 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision
8) a) Number of studies included in the network: 171 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=53); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to serious risk of bias
9) a) Number of studies included in the network: 176 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=53); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to serious risk of bias and serious imprecision
10) a) Number of studies included in the network: 145 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 2 RCT(s) (N=149); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 51 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3-12 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias
11) a) Number of studies included in the network: 211 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 2 RCT(s) (N=149); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6-12 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.; b) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to very serious risk of bias and serious imprecision
12) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to serious imprecision and very serious risk of bias; b) Number of studies included in the network: 233 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 1 RCT(s) (N=28); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 6 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
13) a) We rated down the certainty of evidence due to serious imprecision, serious risk of bias and serious inconsistency; b) Number of studies included in the network: 463 RCTs; Number of studies directly comparing the intervention with usual care: 4 RCT(s) (N=125); Number of comparison(s) informing the indirect estimate: 0 comparison(s). The range of follow up was from 1 to 96 months for the studies included in the whole network. The range of follow-up was 3-12 months in the studies directly comparing the self-management intervention versus usual care.
References of studies informing direct evidence:
3) Li-2016
4) Cheyette-2007, Li-2016
5) Li-2016
6) Pereira-2014
7) Pereira-2014
8) Ebrahimi-2016
9) Ebrahimi-2016
10) Pereira-2014, Yang-2015
11) Pereira-2014Yang-2015
12) Pereira-2014
13) Cheyette-2007, Ebrahimi-2016, Li-2016, Pereira-2014
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